PART 1 of m. E. (Thermal science)

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Syllabus

1.       Review of Fundamentals:

Types of flows, concepts of continuum and control volume, Generalized continuity, momentum and energy equations, velocity of sound and its importance, physical difference between incompressible, subsonic and supersonic flows, three reference speeds, dimensionless velocity M*, concepts of static and stagnation parameters.

2.       One Dimensional Isentropic Flow:

General features, working equations, choking in isentropic flow, operation of nozzles and diffusers under varying pressure ratios, performance of real nozzles, applications of isentropic flow.

3.       Normal Shocks:

Introductory remarks, governing equations, Rankine – Huguenot, Prandtl and other relations, weak shocks, thickness of shocks, normal shocks in ducts, performance of convergent-divergent nozzle with shocks, moving shock waves, shock problems in one dimensional supersonic diffuser, supersonic pitot tube.

4.       Flow in Constant Area Duct with Friction:

Governing equations, working formulas and tables, choking due to friction, performance of long ducts, Isothermal flow in long ducts.

5.       Flow in Constant Area Duct with Heating and Cooling:

Governing equations, working formula and tables, choice of end states, choking effects, shock waves with changes in stagnation temperature.

6.       Generalized One-Dimensional Flow:

Working equations, general method of solution, example of combined friction and area change, Example of combined friction and heat transfer.

7.       Study of various flow visualization techniques.

8.       Study of different types of wind tunnels, their design criteria.

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Syllabus

1.       Generalized measurement system.

Basic detector transducer elements, intermediate modifying systems, terminating devices & methods.

2.       Analysis of Experimental data, uncertainty analysis by various methods, statistical analysis, Probability distribution, Gaussian error distribution, method of rejecting a reading, chi-square test of goodness of fits, methods of least squares, graphical analysis and curve fitting.

3.       Measurement of displacement, force and torque and strain measurements.

4.       Measurement of pressure, measurement of high & low pressures, dynamic characteristics of pressure measuring devices.

5.       Measurement of temperature, temperature measurements by mechanical effects, electrical effects and by radiation, transient response of thermal systems, temperature measurement in high speed flow.

6.       General-purpose electronic instruments.

7.       Recording techniques and Automatic control systems.

8.       Motion and vibration measurements, principles of seismic instruments, practical considerations of seismic instruments.

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Syllabus

1.       Review of Basic Concepts:

System and surroundings, state parameters, thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Forms of energy and concept of work and heat, First law of thermodynamics – its applications and limitations.

2.       Thermodynamic State Equations:

Perfect and real gases, state equation of perfect gas, Amagat’s isothermals, Detailed study of Van der Waal, Dieterio, Berthelot, Redlich and Kwong and other state equations for real gases, compressibility factor and compressibility chart, generalized chart.

3.       Second Law of Thermodynamic and Entropy:

Reversibility and irreversibility, statements of second law and their discussion Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, Carnot engine and Carnot refrigeration, Thermodynamic temperature scale and absolute zero temperature, Clausius theorem and Clausius inequality, concept and characteristics of entropy Principle of increase of entropy and entropy of universe.

4.       Availability and Irreversibility:

Available energy lost work and degradation of energy, Maximum work, Availability – in a closed system and in a steady flow system, Gibbs function, Helmholtz function, Irreversibility and its measurement.

5.       General Thermodynamic Relations:

General relations from energy equations, specific heat relations, relations for internal energy, enthalpy and entropy, Joule-Thomson coefficient, Applications of general thermodynamic relations to ideal gas, Van der Waal and other state equations.

6.       Variable Specific heat:

Factors affecting specific heat, classical analysis, Plank’s quantum hypothesis, methods for considering variation in specific heats, use of temperature-internal energy-entropy (t-u-s) chart for air.

7.       Statistical Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Gases:

Macrostate and microstate thermodynamic probability, Entropy and probability, entropy and lack of information, classical versus quantum statistics.

Kinetic theory of gases - Microscopic view of an ideal gas, mean and rms velocity, pressure exerted by a gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, gas laws, Atomacy of gases and degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, Distribution of velocity among the molecules and most probable velocity, Mean free path, Transport phenomena and associated properties.

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Syllabus

A)       Stress Analysis:

Stress strain relationship in elasticity, stress strain analysis by analytical methods, experimental techniques of stress analysis, Resistance strain gauges, Brittle coating, Photo elasticity, Moire Fringes, Relative merits and demerits of experimental techniques, Selection of appropriate experimental technique of stress analysis - some illustrative practical problems.

B)       Vibrations:

Vibrations of single and multi degree freedom system, Torsional vibrations : two and three rotor systems, geared systems. Vibrations in multi-cylinder engines, analysis and remedial measures. Vibrations in rotating machinery, analysis and remedial measures - Experimental methods in vibration measurements, Equipments – their principle of operation, construction and working.

Case Studies: On vibration problems in industry.

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Syllabus

NUMERICAL METHODS

1.            Algorithms, types, classification, complexity of Algorithms, efficiency of algorithms.

2.            Gauss elimination algorithm, Cholesky method of matrix decomposition, Gauss-Siedel method, Newton Raphson, False position/Regular falsi, Eigen values and vectors, Jacobi method, Giben’s method for Eigen values and vectors, power method.

3.            Finite differences – forward, backward and central, ordinary and partial differential equations, extrapolation, Richardson’s extrapolation, Interpolation.

4.            Numerical differentiation - Euler’s and Rungakutta methods.

5.            Optimization, techniques, constrained and unconstrained.

6.            Numerical Integration, Gauss quadratic, Newton Cotes, Webber rule.

7.            Finite element methods - 1D, 2D problems, element types, interpolating polynomials, optimal fit by direct method, variational approach, weight residual approach.

8.            Applications in turbo machinery, turbine blades, fan, blowers, rotating machinery, vibration problems.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

1.       Fortran-77 and C, Syntax and control structures.

2.       Subroutines and 1D, 2D and 3D arrays.

3.       File input outputs, Random, Sequential.

4.       Programming for Gauss Elimination, Cholesky, Jacobi algorithms, Newton-Raphson.

5.       Banded matrix storage programming.